Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer develops in the cells of the cervix—the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is most commonly caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Early detection through Pap tests and HPV screening greatly improves treatment outcomes.

Common Symptoms

  • Abnormal vaginal bleeding (after sex, between periods, after menopause)
  • Unusual vaginal discharge
  • Pelvic pain
  • Pain during intercourse

Causes & Risk Factors

  • HPV infection (major cause)
  • Multiple sexual partners
  • Weak immune system
  • Smoking
  • Long-term use of birth control pills

Treatment Options

  • Cryotherapy or LEEP for early changes
  • Surgery (hysterectomy)
  • Radiation therapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Targeted therapy or immunotherapy (advanced cases)

Regular Pap tests, HPV vaccination, and early treatment of precancerous changes are the best ways to prevent cervical cancer.

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