Endometriosis Overview
Endometriosis is a chronic condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus.
These growths can cause pain, inflammation, and fertility problems.
It commonly affects the:
- Ovaries
- Fallopian tubes
- Pelvic lining
- Bowel or bladder (in severe cases)
Causes
The exact cause is unknown, but factors include:
- Retrograde menstruation (most supported theory)
- Genetic tendency
- Immune system disorders
- Hormonal imbalance (estrogen-driven)
- Surgical scarring after C-section or pelvic surgery
Common Symptoms
Symptoms can vary from mild to severe:
- Severe menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea)
- Pain during or after intercourse
- Chronic pelvic pain
- Painful urination or bowel movement during periods
- Heavy or irregular periods
- Fatigue
- Bloating or nausea
- Difficulty getting pregnant (infertility)
Diagnosis
- Medical history & pelvic exam
- Ultrasound
- MRI
- Laparoscopy (gold standard for confirming diagnosis)
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on symptoms, age, and pregnancy plans.
1. Medications
- Pain relievers (NSAIDs)
- Hormonal therapy
- Birth control pills
- Progestins
- GnRH agonists and antagonists
- Hormonal IUD
2. Surgery
- Laparoscopic removal or destruction of endometrial lesions
- Ovarian cyst removal if endometriomas
- Hysterectomy (rare, for severe cases)
3. Fertility Treatment
- Ovulation induction
- IVF (in advanced cases)
Lifestyle & Home Care
- Heat pads for cramps
- Regular exercise
- Anti-inflammatory diet
- Stress reduction
- Good sleep cycles
Complications
- Infertility
- Ovarian cysts (endometriomas)
- Adhesions & scar tissue
- Chronic pelvic pain
- Bowel or bladder complications
When to See a Doctor
- Severe period pain that affects daily activities
- Pain during sex
- Difficulty conceiving
- Persistent pelvic pain
Early diagnosis and treatment help improve quality of life.